Introducción a GnuPrivacyGuard
Introducción
GnuPG utiliza cifrado de chave pública para garantizar que os usuarios podan comunicarse de xeito seguro. Nun sistema de chave pública, cada usuario ten unha parella de chaves consistente nunha chave privada e unha chave pública. A chave privada do usuario se manten en segredo, únicamente o seu propietario terá acceso a ela. A chave pública é de acceso público: calqueira que queira comunicarse pode acceder a ela.
GnuPG, GPG, PGP and OpenPGP
Os térmos "OpenPGP", "PGP", and "GnuPG / GPG" se utilizan comúnmente como si foran o mesmo. Pero son lixeiramente distintos:
- OpenPGP
- é unha proposición de estándar, sin embargo, é de uso común.
- PGP e GnuPG
- Son programas que implementan o estándar OpenPGP.
- PGP
- Son as siglas de Pretty Good Privacy, un programa que proporciona privacidade e autenticación mediante cifrado.
- GnuPG
- Son as siglas de Gnu Privacy Guard, outro programa que tamén proporciona privacidade e autenticación mediante cifrado.
Generating an OpenPGP Key
O soporte de OpenPGP nos sistemas basados en Debian está no paquete gnupg.
Existen varias aplicacións que proporcionan unha interface gráfica para GnuPG:
- Enigmail, un plugin de OpenPGP para Mozilla Thunderbird.
- GNU Privacy Assistant unha interface gráfica para GnuPG (GNU Privacy Guard).
- Seahorse é unha aplicación Gnome para manexar chaves de cifrado e contrasianis, integrándose con nautilus, gedit e outras aplicacións de Gnome.
- KGPG é un interfaz simple de KDE para GPG.
- Kleopatra é outro interfaz de KDE para GPG integrado coa suite de información persoal KDE PIM
Todas estas aplicacións permiten a xeración e xestión de chaves OpenPGP.
Utilizando GnuPG para xerar a chave privada
Podemos xerar nosa chave privada mediante a orde:
gpg --gen-key
Aparecerá unha pantalla similar á seguinte
Please select what kind of key you want: (1) RSA and RSA (default) (2) DSA and Elgamal (3) DSA (sign only) (4) RSA (sign only)
Elexindo a opción (1) poderemos firmar e cifrar mensaxes. A continuación nos preguntará polo tamaño de chave. O valor de 2048 que toma por defecto é unha boa elección.
O periodo de validez da chave toma por defecto o valor de validez perpetua. Si eleximos esta opción, debemos revocar a chave cando xa non a precisemos.
A pantalla seguinte nos solicitará a información necesaria para construír a chave:
You need a user ID to identify your key; the software constructs the user ID from the Real Name, Comment and Email Address in this form: "Heinrich Heine (Der Dichter) <heinrichh@duesseldorf.de>"
Real name: Nome do Usuario
Email address: direcciondousuario@dominio.net
Comment: Comentario
You selected this USER-ID:
"Nome do Usuario (Comentario) <direcciondousuario@dominio.net>"
Debemos asegurarnos que o nome da chave (Real name) coincide co nome real, a poder ser tal e como aparece nas identificacións oficiais como o DNI. É posible engadir máis direccións de correo posteriormente.
No momento de crear a chave, se preguntará pola password de protección. O sistema combinará información aleatoria do sistema coa password para xerar a chave privada de usuario.
Unha vez xerada a chave privada observaremos unha pantalla similar á seguinte:
gpg: key D8FC66D2 marked as ultimately trusted public and secret key created and signed.
pub 1024D/D8FC66D2 2005-09-08
Key fingerprint = 95BD 8377 2644 DD4F 28B5 2C37 0F6E 4CA6 D8FC 66D2
uid Nome do Usuario (Comentario) <direcciondousuario@dominio.net>
sub 2048g/389AA63E 2005-09-08
O KEY-ID da chave xerada será a que se observa despois de pub 1024D/, neste caso D8FC66D2. Si queremos que as aplicacións que utilizan GPG fagan uso automáticamente desta chave podemos exportar o seu ID na variable de entorno GPGKEY incluíndo en .bashrc export GPGKEY=D8FC66D2.
Si queremos que este cambio faga efecto antes do seguinte inicio de sesión, podemos facer:
killall -q gpg-agent
eval $(gpg-agent --daemon)
source ~/.bashrc
Cifrado
Si no momento de crear a chave privada, xeramos unha chave únicamente de firma como RSA (sign only) podemos engadirlle capacidade de cifrado:
gpg --cert-digest-algo=SHA256 --edit-key $GPGKEY
Sendo $GPGKEY o KEY-ID da chave. Veremos unha pantalla co seguinte:
Secret key is available.
pub 2048R/D8FC66D2 created: 2005-09-08 expires: never usage: SC
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
[ultimate] (1). Dennis Kaarsemaker (Tutorial key) <dennis@kaarsemaker.net>
Command>
* To create a subkey, enter 'addkey'. You will have to enter your key's passphrase, and then you'll see a somewhat familiar series of dialogues:
{{{
Please select what kind of key you want:
(2) DSA (sign only) (4) Elgamal (encrypt only) (5) RSA (sign only) (6) RSA (encrypt only)
}}}
* Choose 6.
{{{
What keysize do you want? (2048) }}}
* Again, 2048 is a sensible default.
{{{
Key is valid for? (0) }}}
* Choose whether this encryption subkey is set to expire (default: it doesn't). Then confirm that you want to make this subkey.
{{{
pub 2048R/D8FC66D2 created: 2005-09-08 expires: never usage: SC
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
sub 2048R/389AA63E created: 2005-09-08 expires: never usage: E [ultimate] (1). Dennis Kaarsemaker (Tutorial key) <dennis@kaarsemaker.net> Command> }}}
* Enter 'save', then 'quit.' Your key is now capable of encryption.
Creating a revocation key/certificate
* A revocation certificate must be generated to revoke your public key if your private key has been compromised in any way.
* It is recommended to create a revocation certificate when you create your key. Keep your revocation certificate on a medium that you can safely secure, like a thumb drive in a locked box.
* You can create a revocation certificate by :
{{{
gpg --output revoke.asc --gen-revoke $GPGKEY }}}
* The revocation key may be printed and/or stored as a file. Take care to safeguard your revocation key.
||Modelo:Attachment:IconsPage/warning.png Anybody having access to your revocation certificate can revoke your key, rendering it useless. ||
Making an ASCII armored version your public key
There are several sites out there that also allow you to paste an ASCII armored version your public key to import it. This method is often preferred, because the key comes directly from the user. The reasoning behind this preference is that a key on a keyserver may be corrupted, or the keyserver unavailable.
* Create an ASCII armored version of your public key using GnuPG by using this command:
*{{{
gpg --output mykey.asc --export -a $GPGKEY }}}
* Modelo:Attachment:IconsPage/example.png This is the command using our example: {{{
gpg --output mykey.asc --export -a D8FC66D2 }}}
Uploading the key to Ubuntu keyserver
This section explains how to upload your public key to a keyserver so that anyone can download it. Once you have uploaded it to one keyserver, it will propagate to the other keyservers. Eventually most of the keyservers will have a copy of your key. You can accelerate the process by sending your key to several keyservers.
* Using GnuPG:
{{{
gpg --send-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com $GPGKEY }}}
* Modelo:Attachment:IconsPage/example.png Using our example, the command would be:{{{
gpg --send-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com D8FC66D2 }}}
* Using a web browser to submit to Ubuntu key server:
* Export your key by issuing this command: {{{
gpg --export -a "Key-ID" > mykey.asc}}}
* Copy the content of mykey.asc: * Open http://keyserver.ubuntu.com/ in a browser window. * Paste the copied content in the box under the label, {{{Submit a key}}} * Click on {{{Submit this key to the keyserver!}}}
Note that keyserver.ubuntu.com is only reachable via IPv4.
Reading OpenPGP E-mail
OpenPGP implementations can be used to digitally sign, encrypt, and decrypt email messages for heightened security. You can register your own personal OpenPGP keys with Launchpad, and under some situations, Launchpad will send you signed or encrypted email. You would then use OpenPGP support in your mail reader to decrypt these messages or verify a message's digital signature. Of course, you can also use the OpenPGP support in your mail reader to trade encrypted messages with your colleagues, or sign your own messages so that others can have better assurances that the email that appears to come from you actually does come from you.
The instructions below are not intended to provide you with detailed information on OpenPGP, its various implementations, or its use. These instructions simply provide links that can help you set up your mail reader to be compatible with OpenPGP signed and/or encrypted email.
We need your help to flesh out these instructions!
Linux mail readers
This section is not all inclusive. Please feel free to add additional mail clients.
Evolution
Evolution has built-in support for OpenPGP. Look under the Security tab when you edit accounts.
* Open Evolution and go to Edit->Preferences. * Choose your email account, click on it, and then click Edit. * Click on the security tab. * In the PGP/GPG Key ID: box, paste your KEY-ID. * Click OK. Click Close. * If you want to use your key in any new email, simply click on the Security menu item in your new mail message, and then click on PGP Sign.
KMail
Kmail / Kontact has built-in support For Gutsy, and later releases, everything required is installed by default. See the [[1]] GPG page for details.
Claws Mail
Claws Mail supports OpenPGP through the plugin {{{claws-mail-pgpinline}}}
* {{{claws-mail-pgpinline}}} is available in the "Universe" repository.
* {{{
sudo apt-get install claws-mail-pgpinline }}}
* The plugin may have to be loaded manually after installing it. Open Claws Mail and select Configuration -> Plugins * If PGP/Core and PGP/inline are in the Plugins dialogue box, the plugins are loaded correctly. * Otherwise, click on the Load Plugin button towards the bottom of the window. In the file selection dialogue, select pgpinline.so and click the Open button. * When Claws Mail tries to open encrypted e-mail, the program will prompt for your key's passphrase and then show the e-mail with the decrypted message.
Thunderbird
* Thunderbird supports OpenPGP through the enigmail plugin.
* Enigmail is available in the "Main" repository.
* {{{
sudo apt-get install enigmail}}}
* Configure OpenPGP support in Thunderbird under Enigmail->Preferences and add under GnuPG executable path. The path for GnuPG is /usr/bin/gpg.
GMail
* You can setup FireGPG (http://getfiregpg.org/s/install) in order to sign, decrypt, encrypt, etc straight from any website. This is quite useful when using gmail, where one only has to go to the Tools menu in Firefox and choose the relevant option under FireGPG. (FireGPG project is discontinued. For details click [[2]])
Mutt
* Create a ~/.mutt directory and copy this file into it: /usr/share/doc/mutt/examples/gpg.rc
* Append this line to the muttrc configuration file.{{{
source ~/.mutt/gpg.rc # Use GPG }}}
* If you're using Mutt 1.5.13, you'll need to fix the paths to pgpewrap as detailed in [post]
Miscellaneous/all platforms (web mail)
This section in need of expansion. Please feel free to add any additional plugins for Firefox or other browsers.
It's All Text!
* [All Text!] is a Firefox extension which allows you to edit your mail in your preferred local text editor. * If your editor supports it, this can make handling of encrypted mail easier. * For example, you could use [[3]] and a local Vim instance.
FireGPG (Discontinued)
* [[4]] is a Firefox extension which brings an interface to encrypt, decrypt, sign or verify the signature of text in any web page using GnuPG. * FireGPG integrates with the Google web mail interface, bringing OpenPGP functionality to Gmail. * Support for other web mail providers is planned.
Validation on Launchpad
You need to tell Launchpad about your OpenPGP key(s) to be able to sign the Ubuntu Code of Conduct (and thus become an Ubuntero) and to build packages using HCT.
OpenPGP keys and Launchpad
* Visit the OpenPGP Keys page once logged into Launchpad. Paste your key fingerprint into the textbox:{{{
gpg --fingerprint}}}
* Modelo:Attachment:IconsPage/example.png The key fingerprint would be something like: {{{
95BD 8377 2644 DD4F 28B5 2C37 0F6E 4CA6 D8FC 66D2}}}
Launchpad will send you an email which you will have to decrypt. You can save the text to a file:
(Sample message- make sure not to alter format)
{{{
BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
Version: GnuPG v1.4.3 (GNU/Linux)
hQIOA0THhKozD+K5EAf9F3PcOL2iU6onH2YsvB6IKDXNxbK0NBVy6ppxcNq8hoTe cuHvzWLFfh1ehhSNe1V6xpuFnt5sJoeA4qEEOxez3HmY80tKIKMPLyhC/8JiSIW9 fwuxj4C0F6pdyrpvGbQAzfPEFk/P1AtIHXm4WLXduhBT7YEpmUk/I4A/KlSrKoiP J5vBtbroUyp2jvIhDUmY7ToU+ifrDe3+VP1ZzSEJzOOXec9oPbcbvf5NptXA7Hbp S0ElBAcLjKpAu7VKotCwFZIsVXDHT/mxf2qm88bGIrlXS5uTzvmyhQps1KmyNiCz I0i5kSVvHZWyVZ+8FrROLqYAqqnEIMg9hUnbFAervgf/YiYs0xxWLYf9e14eoMZA ranGT72q/JHmBNBYenOijaquFNi1TH5J8Udtt2RfdyRUlmGilxRvtIYL8gpnuNpS +GHOoBWUN2f4nawaDeqgrf6Nt3qQWWLO4iJPgieejFP2FP6zkLme1t7dXo+z1ary EZuxSLtKIWkOFEZ8Gcn02hBgOhJZucnkF6BmVW9dr1C4QEAmGM631uqfsp5PapAn yjHbEU1L2R9i7vPtJNRr6ubFLWg1Yhfv63ByxSx/WQHMMqlrbL+moXBGED3L2hM8 7FP9eapBRgmS+Bda9ArcGMUElTOkWoUYIOPyLOYmo15LvbxHOVaXjn7+fDgr2S1J R9LArwHycmdKKelRww+ZvylHIfq8xy10atRQIYawchh9A1myXD1TlWbrrIkodQJF iEpO2i1LKvqwZHOx3szT4hF+44tNFzQIL1j+zF5Hrt2WOTnS5WXGgGRtfEd8F7fN khQZOAdhwrnlY+yknruC8Y8Jm8vM57+KnPgBfvxuxzLX1XFTfTZCHXeUmwwu3mga m+6WzckeBGBDHKK6GqwFoOAykTwjyqOZaty7DPHeoINc0tLMVr9Ks64DScf8bgh4 MkNonA0YhMQbkmwRc33APw441+/iLw5gqndQdX44kKqC71dG6LqanAOjD29Xj3JV ZBsjg95Jrx7Sx+i/V0PUeaU9QjCT0Q1jEy1Bcs8NYtTJnpG+4oHYJ0pyiGxIquQH V9E+hW6Qehx5DbsIXEvfeaBBHOfAHHOhUH14WK4bsJWm8wZ50XiYBZrNFOqzsm13 2STcY4VIoJp3Uw2qNyvZXQUhpndlfgQGO14CMSadzDn6Vts= =hTe6
END PGP MESSAGE-----}}}
* Now run:{{{
gpg --decrypt file.txt}}}
* You will need to enter your passphrase.
* The message will be displayed along with the link you must follow to confirm your key in Launchpad.
* Follow the link, enter your Launchpad password as asked, and you are done!
Validating using Firefox and FireGPG
* If you are on gmail, using the FireGPG addon, simply scroll down and click "decrypt this mail". You will now see the decrypted message with a link and a token. Copy that URL:
{{{https://launchpad.net/token/somealphanumerictoken}}}
* Follow the link and click on "Confirm". Please note that validation does take some time. If you run into an internal 500 server, simply try again with the same token.
* A confirming page should appear once the validation is successfully completed.
Signing Data
Signing data is helpful in verifying if the data from a person is indeed from that person. A typical scenario is described below.
Launchpad Key Signing
When you've set up GnuPG and have a key in the strong set, it is time to sign the Ubuntu Code Of Conduct if you want to become an Ubuntu member or Ubuntero. Signing is done in 3 easy steps:
1. Download the code of conduct from https://launchpad.net/codeofconduct/2.0/+download. 1. Run the command {{{
gpg --clearsign UbuntuCodeofConduct-2.0.txt}}}
1. Upload the contents of Ubuntu``Codeof``Conduct-2.0.txt.asc on https://launchpad.net/codeofconduct/2.0/+sign
Getting your key signed
The whole point of all this is to create a web of trust. By signing someone's public key, you state that you have checked that the person that uses a certain keypair, is who he says he is and really is in control of the private key. This way a complete network of people who trust each other can be created. This network is called the Strongly connected set. Information about it can be found at http://pgp.cs.uu.nl/
In summary,
1. Locate someone that lives near you and can meet with you to verify your ID. Sites like http://www.biglumber.com/ are useful for this purpose 1. Arrange for a meeting. Bring at least one ID with photo and printed fingerprint of your OpenPGP key, ask the same from the person you will be meeting with. 1. Print copies of your public key * get the last eight digits of your fingerprint: 0995 ECD6 3843 CBB3 C050 28CA E103 6EED 0123 4567 * terminal: gpg --fingerprint 01234567 >> key.txt * print the resulting key.txt file and bring as many copies to the meeting as you expect to have people sign 1. Meet, verify your IDs and exchange OpenPGP key fingerprints 1. Sign the key of the person you've just met. Send him/her the key you've just signed. 1. Update your keys on the keyserver, the signature you've just created will be uploaded.
Keysigning Guidelines
Since a signature means that you checked and verified that a certain public key belongs to a certain person who is in control of the accompanying private key, you need to follow these guidelines when signing peoples keys:
During the Event
1. Keysigning is always done after meeting in person 1. During this meeting you hand each other your OpenPGP key fingerprint and at least one government issued ID with a photograph. These key fingerprints are usually distributed as key fingerprint slips, created by a script such as gpg-key2ps (package: signing-party) 1. You check whether the name on the key corresponds with the name on the ID and whether the person in front of you is indeed who he says he is.
After the Event
You now have the printed public key information from the other participants.
Example key IDs for the other participants will be E4758D1D, C27659A2, and 09026E7B. Replace these IDs with the key IDs you received from the other participants.
1. retrieve the keys: * gpg --recv-keys E4758D1D C27659A2 09026E7B 1. sign the keys: * gpg --sign-key E4758D1D * gpg --sign-key C27659A2 * gpg --sign-key 09026E7B 1. export the keys * gpg --armor --export E4758D1D --output E4758D1D.signed-by.01234567.asc * gpg --armor --export C27659A2 --output C27659A2.signed-by.01234567.asc * gpg --armor --export 09026E7B --output 09026E7B.signed-by.01234567.asc 1. Email the key users (use the email address that was part of the key's user ID) and attach the corresponding signature file - or - send their signed key to the key server: * gpg --send-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com E4758D1D 1. Once you receive your signed key import them to your keyring: * gpg --import 01234567.signed-by.E4758D1D.asc * gpg --import 01234567.signed-by.C27659A2.asc * gpg --import 01234567.signed-by.09026E7B.asc 1. You should see your keys: * gpg --list-sigs 01234567 1. Send your keys to the keyserver: * gpg --send-keys 01234567
Congrats you have now entered a web of trust or enlarged an existing one.
Backing up and restoring your key pair
Why should you back up your key pair? If you lose your key pair:
* Any files encrypted with the lost key pair will be unrecoverable. * You will not be able to decrypt mails sent to you. * Decrypting emails sent to you requires your private key, this key is not stored on the keyservers.
If you lose your keypair you should revoke your key. This cannot be done without a revocation key.
Backing up your public key
* List your public keys:{{{
gpg --list-keys }}}
* Look for the line that starts something like "pub 1024D/". The part after the 1024D is the key_id. To export the key:{{{
gpg -ao _something_-public.key --export key_id }}}
Backing up your private key
* List your secret keys:{{{
gpg --list-secret-keys }}}
* Look for the line that starts something like "sec 1024D/". The part after the 1024D is the key_id. To export the secret key:{{{
gpg -ao _something_-private.key --export-secret-keys key_id }}}
Restoring your keys
* To restore your keys - copy the two files created above to the machine and type: {{{
gpg --import _something_-public.key gpg --import _something_-private.key }}}
Make sure you protect these files!
Revoking a keypair
In the event your keys are lost or compromised, you should revoke your keypair. This tells other users that your key is no longer reliable. ||Modelo:Attachment:IconsPage/warning.png For security purposes, there is no mechanism in place to revoke a key without a revocation key. As much as you might want to revoke a key, the revocation key prevents malicious revocations. Guard your revocation key with the same care you would use for your private key. ||
* To revoke your key you need to first create a revocation key with the command:
{{{ gpg --gen-revoke }}}
* Import your revocation key, which would be stored to the file revoke.asc by default:
{{{ gpg --import revoke.asc }}}
* Upload the revocation key to your keyserver of choice, in the following example the key will be send to ubuntus keyserver:
{{{ gpg --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --send-key 6382285E }}}
Un-revoking a keypair
If you unintentionally revoke a key, or find that your key has in fact not been lost or compromised, it is possible to un-revoke your key. First and foremost, ensure that you do not distribute the key, or send it to the keyserver.
* Export the key
{{{ gpg --export <key> > key.gpg }}}
* Split the key into multiple parts. This breaks the key down into multiple parts.
{{{ gpgsplit key.gpg }}}
* Find which file contains the revocation key. In most cases, it is 000002-002.sig, however you should make sure by using the following. If the sigclass is 0x20, you have the right file. Delete it.
{{{ gpg --list-packets 000002-002.sig }}}
* Put the key back together
{{{ cat 0000* > fixedkey.gpg }}}
* Remove the old key
{{{ gpg --expert --delete-key <key> }}}
* Import the new key
{{{ gpg --import fixedkey.gpg }}}
GPG 2.0
||Modelo:Attachment:IconsPage/info.png GPG 2.0 is not installed as a default application on Ubuntu.|| GPG 2.0 is the new kid on the block. GPG 2.0 is aimed or done for the desktops rather than embedded or server applications.
* GnuPG2 is available in the "Main" repository since Intrepid, or in the "Universe" repository in earlier releases. * If you want to use gnupg2 with the firegpg firefox extension, you need to install gnupg2 first. * More information of GnuPG2 can be found [[5]] * If you are going to use gpg2 for the same purposes as outlined above then you just need to add `2` to the gpg command. Modelo:Attachment:IconsPage/example.png {{{
gpg2 --gen-key }}}
Tips and Tricks
* Add your key to ~/.bashrc by adding a line similiar to {{{export GPGKEY=YOUR-KEY-ID}}}
* gnupg-agent and pinentry-gtk2 are packages that facilitate not having to enter the password for your key every time you want to use it. Open the file {{{~/.gnupg/gpg.conf}}} in your favorite editor. Browse through it and change what you like. A few useful things to change are:
* keyserver-options auto-key-retrieve
* use-agent (the Ubuntu default for Gutsy and later releases.)
The former makes gpg automatically retrieve gpg keys when verifying signatures. The latter makes you use gpg-agent, which is very useful if you use gpg a lot but don't like typing your password all the time. It is also required for some programs (such a Kmail) to sign or encrypt messages). Gnupg-agent and pinentry are in Main for Gutsy and automatically installed/configured in Kubuntu. If you are upgrading from Ubuntu 7.04 (Fiesty), the file ~/.gnupg/gpg.conf may have failed to be created by default in your home directory due to a bug in the gnupg package. In that case, GPG agent integration will not be enabled by default. If you have not created your own gpg.conf, you can correct this issue by running {{{cp /usr/share/gnupg/options.skel ~/.gnupg/gpg.conf}}}. If you do have a gpg.conf and are affected by this issue, that command would overwrite it with Ubuntu's default options and wipe any customizations you have made; you can still correct the issue by running {{{echo use-agent >> ~/.gnupg/gpg.conf}}} instead.
Now create the file ~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf with the following content: {{{ pinentry-program /usr/bin/pinentry-gtk-2 default-cache-ttl 86400 max-cache-ttl 86400}}}
This will make gpg-agent use pinentry-gtk2 and it will remember your password for 24 hours (please consider the security implications for doing this - anyone gaining access to your computer for 24 hours would then be able to sign anything with your key). For Kubuntu, use pinentry-qt4 instead.
- Changing your password. If you wish to change the password of a key, you can use
{{{
gpg --edit-key userid }}} (the 'real name' part of the userid suffices). Choose {{{ passwd }}} in the menu and enter the new password twice. You can leave the menu using {{{ quit }}}.
Este documento é unha traducción e adaptación da documentación de Ubuntu con licencia Creative Commons